In medieval times, it was believed that for the soul to ascend to heaven, the human body had to be preserved intact. These beliefs greatly hindered the study of the human body since the study of anatomy required dissecting corpses which was a strictly forbidden, blasphemous practice. It was only in the 14th century that human dissection was permitted by the church and used as a tool for teaching anatomy in Bologna, Italy after a hiatus of over 1,700 years. George Engel postulates that the church's permission to study the human body included a tacit prohibition against corresponding scientific investigation of the human mind and behavior, since in the eyes of the church these had more to do with religion and the soul and should therefore remain in the church’s domain. In the 17th century Rene Descartes proposed the concepts of Cartesian dualism. This theory postulated that the mind and body were actually two very distinct entities and that events in the body are very separate from events that happen in the mind. The widespread adoption of this approach solidified the separation of mind and body in the evolving science of medicine. Research and study mainly focused on the anatomy, physiology and the chemistry of the body thus establishing the supremacy of the biomedical model. This separation lasted and became entrenched for hundreds of years until the 20th century, when the “psychosomatic movement” began to emerge in Europe and the United States.